Discourse on Method Essay Example for Free

Discourse on Method Essay Are there any identical restrictions on the ways in which human beings may use and treat nonhuman animals? If so, what are they and how are they considered morally justified? In this philosophical enterprise, I will first review three standard responses to these questions and briefly indicate why none of them is entirely satisfactory. Afterwards, I will elucidate what axioms should be adopted as the kernel of truth in each of three responses, and finally juxtapose them into the fourth axiom, which is more adequate position. In so doing, I will argue the importance, from an ethical point of view, of further inquiry into the nature and extent of consciousness in nonhuman animals. Historically, Western philosophers have established three postulates explaining the validity of using and treating nonhuman animals in experiment disregarding the questions about its nature and its extent of ethical restrictions. One, they argue on the basis of our indirect obligation to animals maintaining that act of expending animals for different experiments is only impermissible if and only if we have a direct obligation. Two, humans do not have any obligation to animals, and given this fact humans can do whatever they want with animals. And lastly, direct obligation posits that ethical restrictions on the use of animals are possible only on the basis of considering their sake. Among the most noted philosophers in the western tradition, St. Thomas Aquinas and Immanuel Kant have acknowledged restrictions on human conduct with regard to the utility and treatment of animals, but these restrictions are, in their stance, ultimately grounded upon the obligation to other human beings, and to animals. Amalgamating views that can be traced both to the Bible and Aristotle, Aquinas held a hierarchical or means-ends view of the interplay between plants, animals, and humans respectively: There is no sin in using a thing for the purpose of which it is. Now the order of things is such that the imperfect are for the perfect†¦ things, like plants which merely have life, are alike for animals, and all animals for man. Wherefore, it is not unlawful if men use plants for the good of animals, and animals for the good of man, as the Philosopher states (Politics i. 3) Nevertheless, it does not follow for Aquinas, that one can do anything to an animal. For example, one is still prohibited from killing another person’s ox because this will be an act of injury other’s property, which is an undeniable act of theft or robbery. And there may even be similarly indirect grounds for not harming animals that are no one’s property. Thus, Aquinas explains, if any passages of Holy Writ seem to forbid us to be cruel to dumb animals, for instance to kill a bird with its young: this is either to remove man’s thoughts from being cruel to other men, and lest through being cruel to animals one become cruel to human beings: or because injury to an animal leads to the temporal hurt of man, either of the doer of the deed, or of another. Kant also held such position insofar as humans obligated to restrain themselves in their dealings with animals due to their obligations to other humans. Thus, So far as animals are concerned, we have no direct duties. Animals are not self-conscious and are there merely as means to an end. That end is man†¦ our duties towards animals is merely indirect duties towards humanity. Animal nature has analogies to human nature, and by doing our duties to animals in respect to manifestations of human nature, we indirectly do our duty to humanity†¦ If†¦ any acts of animal are analogous to human acts and spring from the same principles. We have duties towards animals because thus we cultivate the same duties towards human beings. If a man shoot his dog because the animal is no longer capable of service, he does not fail in his duty to the dog, for the dog cannot judge, but his act is inhuman and damages in itself that humanity which it is his duty to show towards mankind. The arguments provided by these philosophers validate the philosophical perspective incorporated in the axiom of indirect obligation. Albeit the fact that we are in a way have obligations to animals, this should not be misconstrued as obligations that humans owed to the animals but rather these obligations are owed to humanity. Nonetheless, there are significant problems with Aquinas and Kant’s conjectures, at least in their present forms. First, insofar as Aquinas assumes that it is necessary for humans to use animals for food and hence to deprive them of life, his position must be reconsidered in the light of modern knowledge about nutrition. It has been maintained, for example, that a perfectly nutritious diet may require little or no deprivation of animal life and, even if it does, that the average American consumes twice as much animal protein as his/her body can possibly use . To such an extent, we continue to consume large quantities of animal foodstuff requiring pain and the deprivation of life, then. We do so, not so much to serve vital nutritional demands, but rather to indulge our acquired tastes. Secondly, insofar as Aquinas’ view is based upon hierarchical worldview and presupposes that those lower in the order or less perfect are to serve good of those higher or more perfect, it is open to a serious theoretical objection. Unfortunately, it is not difficult to imagine that a group of beings ? perhaps from another part of the universe ? who are more rational and more perfect than we. Let say that such beings are impeccable than we are, it seems to follow, if we adopt the principles underlying Aquinas’ stance, that we ought to acquiesce in their using us for whichever of their purposes they fancy we would serve. But do we want to agree with the rightness of this? And if we take Aquinas’ standpoint, would we have any grounds on which to disagree. As for Kant’s view, the main difficulties have to do first with his emphasis on self-consciousness as a condition for being the object of a direct obligation, and second with his assumption that all and only human beings are self-conscious. I will postpone consideration of the first difficulty until later. For the moment, let me simply develop the second. Even supposing that self-consciousness is a necessary condition for the being the object of direct obligation, it does not follow either that all human beings are the object direct obligations or that no animal can be the object of such obligation. First, advances in the medical knowledge, techniques, and technology have, among other things, preserved and prolonged the lives of a number of human beings who are severely retarded or otherwise mentally impaired due to illness or accident. In our day, then, if not in Kant’s, one cannot assume that all human beings are self-conscious. Second, some contemporary researchers have suggested that at least some non-human animals have a capacity to become self-conscious that has, until recently, been undetected or ignored by men. Whence, even if we follow Kant and accept self-consciousness as a condition for being the object of direct obligations, it is does not follow that all and only humans satisfy this condition. Some humans, it may turn out, will not be the objects of direct obligations and some animals will. If animals are not conscious, that is, if they are not sentient and have no capacity for pleasure, pain, or any mental conditions, they may not even be the objects of indirect obligations. Insofar as Aquinas says that it is possible to be â€Å"cruel to dumb animals† and Kant says that â€Å"he who is cruel to animals becomes hard in dealings with men,† each presupposes that animals, unlike plants and machines, are sentient and are thereby capable of sensation and consciousness. Thus it is surprising to find Rene Descartes comparing animals to machines. Nevertheless, this is just what he did in Discourse on Method when he compared machines made by the hand of man with human and nonhuman animal bodies made by the hand of God: From this aspect the body is regarded as a machine which, having been made by the hands of God, is incomparably better arranged, and possesses in itself movements which are much more admirable than any of those which can be invented by man. † Living human bodies were, for Descartes, distinguished from living animal bodies by the presence of an immortal soul which was a prerequisite for mental experiences. Without a soul, a biological body was a natural automaton, â€Å"much more splendid†, but in kind no different from machines. For Descartes, the criterion for dichotomizing those living bodies which were ensouled from those which were not was the capacity to use language. The former, he posited, included all and only human beings. , there are none so depraved and stupid, without even exempting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be which can do the same. Insofar as Descartes’ position presupposes that all and only human beings have the capacity to use language, it is open to the same sort of criticisms and objections that we raised against Kant. That is, advancements in medicine are providing more nonlinguistic humans and advances in science are suggesting that at least some nonhuman creatures have more linguistic facility than we previously assumed. Moreover, even the if Descartes were correct on his reasoning that the capacity to use language is uniquely human, why should this, rather than the capacity to feel pain and experience distress, be the principal criterion for determining the nature and extent of ethical restrictions on the expenditure and treatment of animals? It is this objection which sets the stage for positions which hold that humans have direct obligations to at least some animals. Jeremy Bentham argues that pain and pleasure were what governed behavior and that any ethical system which was founded on anything but maximizing the net balance of pleasure over pain, dealt in â€Å"sounds instead of sense, in caprice instead of reason, in darkness instead of light. † Every action for Bentham was to be assessed in terms of its likelihood of maximizing the net balance of happiness. But, he noted, if the capacity to experience pleasure and pain was what qualified one to be taken into account in estimating the effects of various courses of action, then nonhuman as well as human animals would have to be taken into account insofar as they, too, had the capacity to experience pleasure and pain. Thus, for Bentham, it is sentience, or capacity for pleasure and pain, that determines whether a being qualifies for mortal consideration. The question now is what grounds we have to consider that animals do suffer from our â€Å"cruel† acts. In response to such question, one holding a utilitarian direct obligation theory must show why individuals believe that animals are conscious. There are number of ways one might go about this. One, one could stress behavioral similarities between men and animals in their respective responses to certain standard pain and pleasure producing stimuli. Comparing the behavior of animals to infants would be valid indication of such similarities. Two, we could stress relevant neuropsychological similarities between humans and animals. The fundamental insight of indirect obligation theories is their recognition of difference between simple and reflective consciousness. Beings having only simple consciousness can experience pain, have desires, and make choices. But they are not capable of reflecting upon their experiences, desires, and choices and altering their behavior as a result of self-conscious evaluation and deliberation. Beings who can do this I will, following John Locke, label â€Å"persons†. A person, in Locke’s stance, is â€Å"A thinking intelligent being that has reason and reflection and can consider itself as itself, the same thinking thing, in different times and places. † although they are mistaken in believing that the class of human beings, indirect obligation theorists were correct to emphasize the social status of persons. For only persons are capable of tracing the consequences and implications of various courses of action and then deliberating and deciding to embark on one rather than another on grounds other than self-interest. To do this is part of what it means to have a morality, and it is the capacity for taking the moral pint of view (that is, voluntarily restricting one’s appetite or desire for the sake of others) that gives the person their special worth. The fundamental point of Descartes’ no obligation axiom was to recognize the connection between the development and exercise of language. As Stuart Hampshire has recently pointed out, although people often associate the use of language primarily with communication, â€Å"language’s more distinctive and far-reaching power is to bring possibilities before the mind. Culture has its principal source in the use of the word ‘if’ in counterfactual speculation†. Only language, then, gives us the power to construct complex unrealized possibilities. Therefore, a being cannot be considered a person without the incorporation of language in human psyche. Finally, the fundamental argument of direct obligation principles was to note that one need not be a person to be the object of a moral obligation. Simple consciousness and sentience is sufficient to entitle a being to be considered for its own sake in the ethical deliberations of persons. If, for example, the capacity to feel pain is sufficient for prima facie obligation not to cause gratuitous pain to persons, why it is not also valid ground for a similar obligation not to cause pain to animals? With regard to the evil of avoidable and unjustifiable pain, the question is, as Bentham emphasized, not â€Å"Can they reason nor can they talk? † but, â€Å"can they suffer? † Putting all of this together, we can say that persons, who are characterized as possessing reflective consciousness, may have a higher status than beings having only simple consciousness. Their special worth is a function of the extent to which they use language â€Å"to bring possibilities before the mind† and then restrain their more trivial desires for the sake of not harming others whom they recognize, from the moral point of view, as their equals in certain respects. Among the beings whose interests must be taken into account for their own sake in the moral deliberations of persons are beings possessing only simple consciousness. To the extent that persons reluctantly cause pains, suffering, and even death to beings possessing simple consciousness in order to meet important needs, what they do may be justified by appeal to their higher status or greater worth. But, to the extent that persons inflict avoidable pain and suffering on such beings merely to satisfy certain trivial tastes or desires, they pervert their greater capacities. In so doing, they ironically undermine their claim to higher status or worth and thereby weaken any justification they may have had for sacrificing beings having only simple consciousness for important ends. References: Aquinas, S. T. (1981). Summa Theologica (F. o. t. E. D. Province, Trans. ): Christian Classics. Bentham, J. (1988). The Principles of Morals and Legislation: Prometheus Books. Descartes, R. (1999). Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy (Fourth ed. ): Hackett Pub Co Inc. Hampshire, S. (1979). Human Nature. New York Review of Books. Kant, I. (1963). Lectures on Ethics (L. Infield, Trans. ): Harper and Row. Lappe, F. M. (1975). Fantasies and Famine: Harper and Row. Locke, J. (1994). An Essay Concerning Human Understanding Prometheus Books. Velasquez, M. (1985). Ethics Theory and Practice: Prentice-Hall Inc.

James Boswell :: essays research papers

In 1757 it does not appear that he published any thing, except some of those articles in the Literary Magazine, which have been mentioned. That magazine, after Johnson ceased to write in it, gradually declined, though the popular epithet of Antigallican was added to it; and in July 1758 it expired. He probably prepared a part of his Shakspeare this year, and he dictated a speech on the subject of an address to the Throne, after the expedition to Rochfort, which was delivered by one of his friends, I know not in what publick meeting. It is printed in the Gentleman's Magazine for October 1785 as his, and bears sufficient marks of authenticity. By the favour of Mr. Joseph Cooper Walker, of the Treasury, Dublin, I have obtained a copy of the following letter from Johnson to the venerable authour of "Dissertations on the History of Ireland." "TO CHARLES O'CONNOR, ESQ.1 "SIR, "I HAVE lately, by the favour of Mr. Faulkner, seen your account of Ireland, and cannot forbear to solicit a prosecution of your design. Sir William Temple complains that Ireland is less known than any other country, as to its ancient state. The natives have had little leisure, and little encouragement for enquiry; and strangers, not knowing the language, have had no ability. "I have long wished that the Irish literature were cultivated.2 Ireland is known by tradition to have been once the seat of piety and learning; and surely it would be very acceptable to all those who are curious either in the original of nations, or the affinities of languages, to be further informed of the revolution of a people so ancient, and once so illustrious. "What relation there is between the Welsh and Irish language, or between the language of Ireland and that of Biscay, deserves enquiry. Of these provincial and unextended tongues, it seldom happens that more than one are understood by any one man; and, therefore, it seldom happens that a fair comparison can be made. I hope you will continue to cultivate this kind of learning, which has too long lain neglected, and which, if it be suffered to remain in oblivion for another century, may, perhaps, never be retrieved. As I wish well to all useful undertakings, I would not forbear to let you know how much you deserve in my opinion, from all lovers of study, and how much pleasure your work has given to, Sir,

Causes of Unemployment

Causes of Unemployment The current unemployment rate is 7. 4 percent it has continuously rising, the unemployment rate has increased 0. 1 percent over the past year. Unemployment is the level of joblessness among people actively looking for work in the economic system. This seems to be a constant problem in Canada. There are always people struggling for an occupation. Unemployment has many factors leading to this cause. A common cause of unemployment is many of the unemployed have gotten fired or laid off. The company may have been sold or it might be that some positions are no longer needed.It’s hard to find work right after being laid off or being fired. In general it depends on the economy if it’s down then it will difficult to find work and vice versa. Another factor of unemployment is there are too many people but not enough jobs. Furthermore, unemployment is the outcome because of overpopulation is â€Å"defined as a condition where a countrys human population ex ceeds the carrying capacity of its environment â€Å"(dictionary. Reference . com). In this case the population is more than the amount of available jobs.Lastly, those who are inborn disabled or deficiencies stay partly employed or are fully unemployed throughout their life. Illness ‘caused by industrial conditions or fatal accidents that often in the workplace. Due to the accidents it has caused them to be disabled. Some who are born with disability for example like Down syndrome or dyslexia. Disabled people are not physically or mentally capable to be in the workforce leading them to be unemployed. Therefore , the causes of unemployment are due to being aid off or fired , overpopulation or disabilities .

Ciceros De Amicitia Essays - 1263 Words

Ciceros De Amicitia Cicero’s De Amicitia brings a unique perspective to the topic of friendship and how it relates to death. The word amicitia comes from the Latin root word amor which is translated to mean â€Å"love†. In this day and age the word friendship has taken on a slightly different meaning from the ancient meaning. Cicero’s De Amicitia seeks to define what friendship is, its characteristics and principles. He has challenged us to reconsider what constitutes a true friend. Upon observing a typical friendship it becomes clear to us that this relationship is actually devoid of true love; the love in which Cicero speaks of. A genuine friendship is a rare and beautiful thing; a mutual relationship formed between two virtuous people†¦show more content†¦Pleasure based friendships are regulated by feelings. It is the opportunity of the moment to satisfy ones own desires for pleasure which inhibits a man and a women from truly loving the other person as though they were a second self. A Friendship based on affection is still not a true friendship because it satisfies personal pleasure before it takes into account the well-being of the other individual. â€Å"Friendship excels relationship in this, that whereas you may eliminate affection from relationship, you cannot do so from friendship. Without it relationship still exists in name, friendship does not.† For Cicero only the friendship of those who are good, and similar in their goodness, is perfect. It is based on virtue and goodness, both absolutely and for his friend. A true friendship lasts only as long as such men remain good. â€Å"For, seeing that a belief in a man’s virtue is the original cause of friendship, friendship can hardly remain if virtue be abandoned.† Virtue is the keystone which both creates and preserves this friendship; â€Å"Then there are those who find the â€Å"chief good† in virtue. Well, that is a noble doctrine. But the very virtue they talk of is the parent and preserver of friendship, and without it friendship cannot possibly exist.† It is only natural that these friendships areShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Ciceros Laelius de Amicitia1267 Words   |  6 PagesMortalitas et Amicitia Cicero s De Amicitia brings a unique perspective to the topic of friendship and how it relates to death. The word amicitia comes from the Latin root word amor which is translated to mean love. In this day and age the word friendship has taken on a slightly different meaning from the ancient meaning. Cicero s De Amicitia seeks to define what friendship is, its characteristics and principles. He has challenged us to reconsider what constitutes a true friend. Upon

Christianity and Islam Essay - 948 Words

Christianity and Islam are the two largest religions in the world, founded upon the principal belief that there is one God who created the world. Nevertheless, both ideologies have their own accounts that have contradicted each other since their beginnings. As time changed these religious sects have undergone a numerous number of events that question their validity and have led to controversy in recent years. Unequivocally both sects differ in many significant fragments of their doctrines. Islam’s founder and leader is the prophet Muhammad, meanwhile in Christianity, Jesus is their founder and leader. Christians also refer to individuals such as Peter, and Paul as Disciples, which translates to: follower of Jesus. Christians†¦show more content†¦Where the pope is the highest authority. Islam’s religious leaders are called imams and do not have a hierarchy like Christianity. The strength of Christianity and Islam beliefs has diminished in recent decades. Now you can be religious about other things than God. You can worship money or your work. Society has become materialistic, as the age of technology has progressed. Political power and wealth have had an immense influence in religion. Various conflicts and scandals have plagued the image of Christianity and Islam. Conflicts in the Middle East have created tension in the Islamic religion. In American popular culture today, terrorism and Islam have become equivalent since the September eleven attacks. Everyone became angry and astonished when this act of terrorism was perpetrated in the name of Islam. There was a wave of confused resentment toward the Muslim community. In Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam, John L. Esposito, investigates the political, religious, and social elements that have led to the current state of Islam. He clarifies on the significance of Jihad and its role in the Islamic belief. Jihad is an important concept in Islam and it means to be a believer and follower of Gods will. Esposito declares that Jihad has been manipulated by â€Å"resistance, liberation, and terrorist movements to legitimate their cause and motivate their followers†(EspositoShow MoreRelatedIslam And Christianity : Christianity And Islam1684 Words   |  7 PagesProfessor Slattery World Religions November 11, 2014 Islam and Christianity There are 7 billion people living all around the world. Everybody has grown up enriched in different cultures, beliefs, traditions, and social standings. Each person, with their own developed views of the world, following a religion such as Christianity and Islam or specifically choosing not to follow a religion, even have many similarities. Christianity and Islam, both, follow by a sacred book of their God’s word althoughRead MoreChristianity And Islam : Islam1317 Words   |  6 PagesChristianity and Islam in Premodern Africa Christianity and Islam date back to a time long before the modern era and both have sizable similarities between the two religions. Many of these similarities can be simplified into three subjects; both have books comprised of holy texts written about events taking place during their prophet’s life, both are believed to have started with God appointed leaders, and both consist of different divisions within their religion. Christianity starting with theRead MoreChristianity And Islam : Islam937 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM.† Christianity and Islam are the two largest religions in the world, with over 2 billion Christian, and 1.5 billion Muslim followers. Christianity was founded by Jesus Christ approximately 2000 years ago in Palestine. 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Biography And Historical Context Of Edgar Allan Poe

Biography and Historical Context Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809 in Boston Massachusetts. Edgar Allan Poe had a vast imagination that made him famous. His style of poetry was mysterious similar to his life. Poe’s actual parents were actors but he didn’t really know them. His father disappeared from the family when Poe was young and his mother died when Poe was only 3 years old. Poe was taken from his siblings and put into the arms of his foster parents John and Frances Allan in Richmond Virginia. Poe became really close with his foster mother Frances but couldn’t find a bond with his foster father, John. Instead of working, Poe chose poetry using the Allan’s business papers to write on. The Allan’s tobacco merchant company was successful but didn’t bring too much money home for the family. Poe attended the University of Virginia in 1826 but didn’t get enough money to pay for his tuition. Poe choose gambling as his way to pay for his education but quickly became in debt. When Poe came home from college he found out that his fiancà ©e Elmira Royster had picked another man leaving Poe depressed and heartbroken. Questioning his life, Poe left the Allan’s. Poe’s career started to pick up after he published his first book, Tamerlane and Other Poems in 1827. Poe always dreamed of going to West Point University and after getting a chance to attend the University in 1830 he couldn’t pass it up. Before attending West Point, Poe published his second book Al Aaraaf,Show MoreRelatedEdgar Allan Poe; Fame Inspired by a Tragic Life865 Words   |  4 Pagespoet, Edgar Allan Poe, had been plagued by grief from an early age. He was an amazing poet and author who just happened to have a darker story. Many who have studied this prestigious man feel that his works, though magnificent, were extremely dark. Some believe it was nothing more then a fancy for him to spin such gruesome tales. Others feel his work was manipulated by the misfortune of his past. 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He produced some three hundred short stories in the single decade from 1880 to 1890; a period during which he produced most of his other works. Five of his six novels were published during the second half of the decade.Read MoreHumanities11870 Words   |  48 Pageshere I will like to stress that the ultimate aim of art is not to flaunt technical expertise, but to express emotions in a sublime and beautiful manner. In order to understand high cultured art, it may be necessary to study deep into philosophical, historical and cultural disciplines. This may be even a more daunting task than to understand aesthetic technicalities. Thus what I am suggesting here is a short cut. It Is highly unlikely for an artist to be able to express powerful emotions bu t at the sameRead MoreCleanth Brookss Essay Irony as a Principle of Structure9125 Words   |  37 Pagesmade. to remove the traces of the particular circumstances in which they were written. In some cases a radical recasting of an essay would have meant destroying what I regard as its inner core of truth. Thus in the essay on The Changing Function of Historical Materialism we can still hear the echoes of those exaggeratedly sanguine hopes that many of us cherished concerning the duration and tempo of the revolution. 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Network Management in Organisations for Internet- MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theNetwork Management in Organisations for Internet. Answer: Introduction Whereas information technology facilitated by the internet has led to a great revolution in social communication, the constant availability of information has had profound effectS on the moral and ethical values of the users. Moreover, when one considers the rapid transmission of information such files and images the concerns of privacy, security and intellectual property arise [1]. Nevertheless, ethics in this context are supposed to be the principles or values that guide people while using the facilities offered online. Now, the internet is a unique environment where based on its pervasive nature will influence the users to partake in immoral activities. Therefore, this paper analyses the common ethical issue related to the internet content. Ethical Issues A lot of content is usually available online which in most cases tends to blur the lines of property access, ownership and security. While analysing the access of information the privacy of the people involved always come into play, where the rights of the participants (internet users) collide [2]. Ownership, on the other hand, will highlight the concept of intellectual property where among other issues of copyrights and fair play are identified. Finally, with increased access and availability comes the issue of security where confidential details are exposed or lost. Furthermore, with advances in real-time systems and Internet of Things, users can be placed in harms way due to the content they expose online [3]. Analysis of the Ethical Issues Privacy Privacy can be defined as a status of anonymity where individuals and their information remain secluded from the public eye. Privacy tends to be an ethical issue when one considers the vast majority of information available online as a result of willing users who supply the content to websites such as social media sites. In this case, the question is, should the hosts (third party members) be allowed to store and even read the data supplied to them? For security reasons, security agency will have the legal right to scrutinise such data however, the people involved should exercise their moral values in the process [4]. In essence, there should be a limit to this access. Recent events have seen people advocate for data minimization where online hosts such as websites are been urged to minimise their data collection and retention efforts in order to cater for the privacy concerns of the end users. Intellectual Property A critical aspect of the internet, where among the items covered by legal rights users are never protected to own their own ideas or as popularly known their own genius [5]. According to a recent study by MTV, 68 percent of children pay for music content because they believe people deserve respect for their work. However, the same mantra is not seen in grown-ups who as a result of the extended availability of digital content will fail to pay for the rights to access other people's content. Moreover, as stated before the pervasive nature of the internet facilitates the false actions where people lack empathy and fail to associate with the people who are affected by their actions [6]. In the end, internet users will access content all the time without the concerns who supply the content and how. Furthermore, the popularity of streaming and sharing content blurs the lines of ownership where the original owners are unknown. Security The internet has become the livelihood of people today including their businesses which outline the need for secure systems to protect the data owned. Now, unlike regular people who may or may not follow ethical values, hackers will have zero consideration for ethics or moral codes. The fact that they engage in these malicious activities defines their loss of morality. Therefore, based on the inherent popularity of hacking incidences which employ illegal data access techniques, security is seen as a serious ethical issue [7]. Furthermore, while hacking and other acts of cyber crime are outlined by the law, ethics come into play when users who have legitimate access to data, use this privilege for their own gain. For instance, internet users will leak information for financial gain particularly, high valued data. On the other hand, consider the risks internet users take when exposing their locations and availability over the internet. Using real-time systems such as geolocations a use r can be easily be targeted by a person with malicious intention which infringes on their own personal security [8]. Justification for the evaluation A closer look at the functionalities offered by the internet outlines its resounding features most of which exposes it to the ethical issues outlined above. For one, it's instantaneous, immediate and decentralised, which means content is accessed in real-time at extended environments. These outcomes expose its to security problems since control is a challenging process. Secondly, content is continuously exposed having endless expandability and availability. These features predispose it to privacy issues as there is a slippery slope between accessing and infringing the rights of other participants using the internet. Moreover, the same features blur the lines of data ownership where users rarely acknowledge the original owners of the content available online [1]. Conclusion According to many experts, the internet needs regulation to enforce the moral and ethical standards of using information. However, in this recommendation, the same experts are faced with the dilemma of the extent of regulations. On one hand, you have the desire to limit the unethical outcomes through strict security regulations that focus on the need to protect peoples personal rights. However, while enacting these regulations they are bound to infringe on the same rights held by the users. In the end, the solution lies with the individuals themselves who need to establish personal policies to regulate their consumption of the information available online. Remember, the internet is very extensive to regulate having endless features that highlight its pervasive nature and the ability to grant the users anonymity, which in most cases leads to the unethical conducts exhibited. Therefore, a form of self-regulation is needed to enact the available laws of using the digital platform. This outlook is the only solution to solving most of the ethical issues related to the internet. References [1] Vatican. (2002). Ethics in internet. Pontifical council for social communication. [Online]. Available FTP: https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/pccs/documents/rc_pc_pccs_doc_20020228_ethics-internet_en.html [2] SCU. (2017). The Ethics of Online Privacy Protection. Markkula centre for applied ethics. [Online]. Available FTP: https://www.scu.edu/ethics/privacy/the-ethics-of-online-privacy-protection/ [3] Extension. (2017). Internet Legal and Ethical Issues. [Online]. Available FTP: https://articles.extension.org/pages/62093/internet-legal-and-ethical-issues [4] Popescul. D Georgescu. M. (2013). Internet of things some ethical issues. The USV annals of economics and public administration. [Online]. Available FTP: https://seap.usv.ro/annals/ojs/index.php/annals/article/viewFile/628/599 [5] UCSC. (2005). The Ethics of Intellectual Property. [Online]. Available FTP: https://classes.soe.ucsc.edu/cmpe080e/Spring05/projects/ip/ [6] Media smarts. (2017). Ethics and Intellectual Property. Canadas centre for digital and media literacy. [Online]. Available FTP: https://mediasmarts.ca/digital-media-literacy/digital-issues/online-ethics/ethics-intellectual-property [7] Deguzman. V. (2017). Computer Security Ethics and Privacy. [Online]. Available FTP: https://www.webreference.com/internet/security/index.html [8] Mateti. P. (2017). Ethics in Internet Security. [Online]. Available FTP: https://cecs.wright.edu/~pmateti/InternetSecurity/Lectures/Ethics/